Discussions about the energy transition have largely focused on phasing out fossil fuels and expanding renewable energy sources. While these efforts are vital, they overlook a key factor—how much energy we use and how efficiently we use it, according to energy and climate expert Dr Jan Rosenow.
Dr Rosenow, an Honorary Research Associate at the Environmental Change Institute (ECI) and soon to be Energy Programme Lead at the ECI, says addressing energy demand could be the missing piece in achieving a truly sustainable future.
In the article ‘Beyond Supply: The Case for Decarbonising Energy Demand’ published in PLOS Climate Dr Rosenow said:
Shifting attention to demand offers a more holistic approach, prompting a reconsideration not only of the sources of energy we consume but also of how much energy we use, how efficiently we use it, and when and where we use it. This reframing broadens the spectrum of potential solutions, accelerating progress towards a sustainable energy system.”
He adds that there are limitations on a supply-centric approach:
Renewable energy costs have dropped, and its share in electricity generation is growing. However, carbon emissions remain high because energy demand continues to rise. Without improving efficiency, even clean energy is wasted on inefficient buildings, outdated industries, and poorly designed transport systems. Without addressing these inefficiencies, the challenge of achieving net-zero emissions becomes exponentially more difficult, as ever-increasing amounts of clean energy are required to compensate for avoidable waste.”
Historically, energy efficiency has played a bigger role in reducing carbon emissions than renewables.
Why Demand-Side Solutions Matter
Reducing energy demand is not just about using less—it’s about using energy smarter.
Key strategies include:
Energy efficiency: Upgrading insulation, using energy-efficient appliances, and modernising industrial processes can significantly cut energy use. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates efficiency improvements could contribute over 40% of needed emissions reductions.
- Flexible energy use: Shifting energy consumption to times of high renewable output can reduce reliance on fossil fuel backup power. Smart meters, dynamic pricing, and automated systems help balance supply and demand.
- Electrification: Transitioning heating, transport, and industry to electricity can reduce emissions, but only if done alongside efficiency measures.
- Behavioural and structural changes: Encouraging public transport, cycling, and reducing material waste can significantly cut energy use. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) highlights these demand-side solutions as crucial for climate action.
A demand-focused approach brings extra advantages:
- Energy security: Lower and flexible energy use reduces stress on power grids and improves resilience to supply disruptions.
- Economic savings: Energy efficiency lowers costs for households, businesses, and governments.
- Health benefits: Reduced energy consumption means lower air pollution and fewer health issues like respiratory diseases.
Dr Rosenow says we need to take a broader approach to decarbonisation. He said:
To accelerate the energy transition, policymakers and businesses should encourage demand flexibility by reducing peak demand, which can lower costs, ease grid congestion, and reduce infrastructure needs. Investing in smart urban infrastructure, such as energy-efficient buildings and intelligent transport networks, can significantly cut overall energy use. Additionally, adopting circular economy principles by minimising waste and maximising resource efficiency can further reduce demand.”
Changing the Conversation
The cleanest energy is the energy we don’t use. While increasing renewable energy supply is crucial, focusing on demand reduction and efficiency is equally important. Shifting the conversation to include how much energy we use, when, and where can help accelerate decarbonisation and build a more sustainable future. It’s time to rethink the energy transition—moving beyond supply and embracing the power of demand-side solutions.
Read the full article in PLOS Climate: Beyond Supply: The Case for Decarbonising Energy Demand